The setting of a Christmas carol Essay Example

The setting of a Christmas ditty Paper How does Dickens set everything up for the appearance in Jacob Maryles Ghost in fight 1 of a Christmas ditty? Dickens quickly puts things in place by composing a powerful, yet secretive starting to the principal scene. Marley was dead in any case The impact of this opening is alarming and furthermore stunning. This is an extremely uncommon approach to open a story. Likewise this is an inquiry to his demise, so he is dead however could come into the story later. Dickens misrepresents this purpose of that Marley is dead and is dull in this house. So this causes the peruser to wonder why the essayist is doing this and rehashing such a striking point. Be that as it may, at that point dickens returns the peruser to reality Old Marley was as gone home in a box. So this consoles the peruser that Marley is dead and furthermore dickens has utilized a metaphor with similar sounding word usage. The utilization of similar sounding word usage underscores the implications of words with the goal that the word contrasted with the article is bolder. Presentation. Charles Dickens was conceived in 1812. His dad worked for the naval force pay office. So Dickens s early life gave him a lot of opportunities to see life nearby the Thames. He went to a little school until he was eleven, when he and his family chose to move to London. We will compose a custom paper test on The setting of a Christmas song explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on The setting of a Christmas ditty explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on The setting of a Christmas tune explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer His family contained himself, five other kids and his mom and father. His dad wasnt bringing enough cash so his mom figured she could find a new line of work however this was not intended to be. The family needed to sell all the books they had gathered and other significant family things to a second hand store. At the point when Charles turned twelve so his folks where rented to get Charles a line of work at a blacking plant. This would be a messy un sterile work environment however this was life. This was a major stockroom, which was rotting and loaded with rodents. Section 2. In the following scene of the book, dickens utilizes his subsequent procedure, which portrays Scrooge by his physical highlights. Dickens portrays miser so awful that he expects it for us to detest penny pincher, the kind of depiction is obtuse to such an extent that we consider him an animal. The cold inside him solidified his old highlights, nipped his sharp nose, shrinks his cheek, hardened his stride, made his eyes red and made his dainty lips blue. This enables the peruser to picture an appalling and abnormal looking man who is unimaginable uncompromising. Dickens depicts Scrooge by composing what Scrooges activity are. Tightwad never painted out old Marleys name therefor this could show that Scrooge is so difficult to purchase and paint the board outside of his business. Dickens additionally depicts penny pincher in an alternate manner, which is the point at which he utilizes an action word chain. This additionally depicts penny pincher in a bolder manner so it depicts him in a meaner way. This is viable in light of the fact that this is overstated to the outrageous, with the goal that penny pincher is found to be the manner by which mean he is. Miser is contrasted with a clam and this is such a decent correlation. This is on the grounds that clams have hard revolting shells yet they have a pearl, which is really inside. This could imply that penny pincher has an external shell which implies hes argent, unpleasant and difficult, however inside he could have a superior offering side to him. Likewise the topic of recovery is presented here in light of the fact that at Christmas individuals think back on the year and attempt to change the terrible ways they have done, so the peruser might be thinking about this. Passage 3 A further strategy by which Dickens sets us up for the spooky vision of Marleys face on Scooges entryway is the means by which he portrays the setting outside Scrooges checking house. In the following scene dickens portrays the setting of a Christmas tune. Dickens utilizes the way that Marley is dead and portrays the setting in an uncommon manner. First dickens portrays the setting as dull, sodden and miserable. This is an altogether different complexity to a typical Christmas, which is light, frigid and radiant. The peruser asks why dickens does this, since this is absolutely inverse to what Christmas is truly similar to. Another strategy that dickens utilizes is representation It was cool, somber, gnawing climate. This doesnt truly happen in light of the fact that the cold isnt truly gnawing penny pincher its that it is so cool it feels as though you are being nibbled.

Research Comparison Paper -- Health, Diseases, Depression

Presentation Diagram Wretchedness is the point at which a person’s sentiments of bitterness and uselessness control how they handle every day exercises and connections (National Institute of Mental Health 2009). This sickness is something that the vast majority should be treated for (National Institute of Mental Health 2009). In the investigation Quality of Life in Depression, a few patients are taken a gander at to perceive what their personal satisfaction is with wretchedness. One of the angles that the investigation found about sadness is that much after individuals are treated for misery the individual may at present freeing themselves of the sickness totally (Ay-Woan et al 2005). With discouragement being so pervasive in the public arena today there is a requirement for additional medications. There are various sorts of medications offered to individuals with this sickness. Since only one out of every odd treatment works for everybody there is a requirement for an assortment of arrangements. A portion of the medications include pharmaceutical medications and others include mental treatment. There has discussion with regards to which treatment works better. This paper thinks about one sort of pharmaceutical treatment and one mental treatment. Foundation So as to clarify the various medicines there should be some key terms characterized. Initial, a synapse is a â€Å"chemical by which a nerve cell speaks with another nerve cell or with a muscle† (Collins English Dictionary 2009). This is significant on the grounds that this is influenced by serotonin. Serotonin is a compound in the mind that looks after dozing, eating, and mind-set examples (Carlson 2001). This synthetic is shipped by synapses in the cerebrum. In the event that a person’s serotonin levels are down it can upset their day by day exercises. Serotonin levels are by all account not the only purposes of melancholy. Fluo... ...ent individuals. On the off chance that the creator needed to pick, it would need to be the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy since it has increasingly positive perspectives then Prozac. When taking a gander at the two medicines Prozac has numerous defeats. With Prozac there are many symptoms to taking the pharmaceutical medication. There is an extensive rundown of the various ways Prozac can adversely influence the human body. Laziness, sickness, anxiety, skin rashes, sexual brokenness, and a sleeping disorder would all be able to be maintained a strategic distance from if an individual would not take them. There is as yet the contention that individuals can't change the synthetic concoctions in their mind with just treatment. The creator accepts that if an individual can help taking the prescriptions, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy would be a greatly improved, more secure decision. The main reaction to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is the treatment not working and all the individual would lose is there time.

2.009 Final Presentations Live Webcast

2.009 Final Presentations Live Webcast Its that time of year again! Final Projects Time! Finals Time! Sleep Deprivation Time! Im using so many exclamation points because Im so excited to work on my 6.005 final project for probably the next 5 hours or so! Well, not really! But hooray! Sarcasm aside, I will say, the best part of final projects is when you are done with themnot because the work is finally over (ok, partially) but because you realize youve created something really cool, and gradually, those moments of I-made-the-thing have made some final projects almost worth all the work and stress that I put into them (almost). I hear it gets even better as you go alongwhich brings me to the 2.009 presentations! The Most Fun A Course 2 Major Can Have Without Their Own Startup!!!!!! (Note: this is not a general MIT nickname thing) (but it could be if yall are into it) (I just call it that based on my perception of it as a sophomore) :D From the brilliant minds of the MIT senior class come a lot of incredible ideas. Im posting this post even as the event startswatch them if youre free! The live stream is embedded below. These products are designed by MIT seniors (some of whom I am actually friends with, wow, celebrity status) and many are finished and polished prototypes that, in industry, could be ready to present, pitch, or develop into real products that are pretty cool! You can also follow the Twitter feed here:@009minions Heres an interesting blurb from the 2.009 course website: In 2.009, Product Engineering Processes, students work in large teams of approximately 15 to 19 individuals to design and build working alpha prototypes of new products. Students learn about creativity, product design, working within a budget, and gain unifying engineering experience. The effort spans the early phases of product development, including: opportunity identification; generating ideas; gathering customer and market data; selecting ideas, devising concepts and building sketch models; building and testing mockups; customer evaluation of mockups; embodiment design; and construction of a high quality functioning alpha prototype. The large teams must work effectively to realize this task, so students also learn about group dynamics, team roles and management, consensus building, and the value of communication. Each year the teams work on projects unified by a theme (see the theme gallery for themes of previous years). At the end of the course, teams present their work to a live audience of ~1300 practicing product designers, entrepreneurs, academics, and classmates, as well as a very significant webcast audience. Im pretty stoked to eventually take this class when Im a senior, and do this project..but for now, 6.005 (sigh). Enjoy the presentations! Theyre really incredible! I heard one time someone brought a live horse onstage :3 Post Tagged #2.009

Risk Management Techniques For Construction Project

Research Paper on Risk Management Techniques for Construction Project Pariekshit Guttikonda Lawrence Technological University Abstract Construction is a risky industry and there is no other industry that requires proper application of business practices much as construction industry. The main objective of this research is to gain understanding of risk factors faced by building projects. The study also aims to investigate the effectiveness of risk preventive and imitative methods. From this Research paper we can find the most important risk factors are: financial failure of the contractor, Environmental risk like natural disasters, closure, defective design and delayed payments on contract. On the other hand, owner respondents concluded that the most important risk factors are: awarding the design to unqualified designer, defective design, occurrence of accidents, difficulty to access the site, and inaccurate quantities. Research Paper on Risk Management Techniques for Construction Project These are the 7 types of the risks that are mainly occurs in the construction projects 1.Technical Risks: Incomplete Design, Inadequate specification, inadequate site investigation, Change in scope Construction procedures, insufficient resource availability 2. Construction Risks: Labor productivity, Labor disputes, Site condition, Equipment failures, Design changes, too high quality standard and new technology 3. Physical Risks: Damage to structure, Damage to equipment,Show MoreRelatedRisk Management Techniques For Construction Projects1206 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Paper on Risk Management Techniques for Construction Project These are the 7 types of the risks that are mainly occurring in construction projects in the real world in most kind of construction projects. 1. Technical Risks: Incomplete Design, Inadequate specification, inadequate site investigation, Change in scope Construction procedures, insufficient resource availability. 2. Construction Risks: Labor productivity, Labor disputes, Site condition, Equipment failures, Design changes, tooRead MoreRisk Management Techniques For Construction Projects1238 Words   |  5 PagesConstruction industry is a risky and there is no other industry that requires proper application of business practices as much as construction industry. The main objective of this research is to gain understanding of risk factors faced by building projects. The study also aims to investigate the effectiveness of risk preventive and imitative methods. From this Research paper, we can find the most important risk factors are: financial failure of the contractor, Environmental r isk like natural disastersRead MoreRisks in a Home Building Project1486 Words   |  6 Pagesof Risks Associated With Estimating a Home Building Project Michael T Bell PMAN 637 Originality Score 6% A Review of Risks Associated With Estimating a Home Building Project Introduction In building and construction, there are risks associated with estimating a home building project. These risks in construction are all the same across the board regardless the construction. Therefore, a home building projects is confronted with the same risks asRead MoreImproving The Quality Of The Delivered Project By Utilizing Quality Planning Technique During The Construction Industry1685 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The construction industry is considered as one of the most complicated industry in the world. Different problem could be raised during the construction process starting from the bidding phase and ending with close out phase. During that time, the construction managers will be responsible to take many of the critical decisions to minimize the influence of a specific event. Quality in the construction industry occupying a high priority among other characteristics. In fact, providing theRead MoreEffectiveness Of Risk Identification And Analysis Of Construction Projects Of Mumbai City Of Multi Storeyed Building Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract – Risk is present in all projects irrespective of their size or sector. If risks are not properly analyzed and strategies are not developed to deal with them, the project is likely to lead to failures. Therefore, special strategies and processes should be established during the initial phases of the project and also monitored througho ut the project life cycle. There are different techniques of risk identification and analysis in construction projects. Applicability of various risk assessmentRead MoreA Report On The Construction Sector Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION: The construction sector is the fifth largest sector in the New Zealand economy, employing more than 170,000 people. This makes up 7.6% of the labour force. It engendered 6.3% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2010. (New zealand sector report, 2013) There is a lot going on in the construction management space, which has been poorly addressed in New Zealand until recently. (Pieter, 2011) High level of complexity is also involved in construction projects, which exposes this sector toRead MoreObjectives: Fixing The Objective Is Like Identifying The856 Words   |  4 Pageseffectiveness of the Project Management to complete project time. 2. To find the role of project management in the success of construction companies. 3. To find the scope of project management to reduce the cost of the raw material in the ongoing building project. The study on role of project management in construction industry is to execute a project so that deliverables can meet scope requirements on budget Intro:Construction Management is not a new idea. The function of the Construction Manager is toRead MoreRisks Associated With Construction Project And Different Risk Mitigation Techniques1573 Words   |  7 PagesConstruction projects are characterized as v ery complex projects, where uncertainty comes from various sources. This paper deals with the identification of risk by different methods, types of risks associated with construction project and different risk mitigation techniques. In the construction industry, risk is often referred to as the presence of potential or actual threats or opportunities that influence the objectives of a project during construction, commissioning, or at time of use. Risk isRead MoreRisk Management For Construction Projects1095 Words   |  5 Pagesoverall aim of this study report is to let everyone know what risk management is, realize the procedure of risk management in construction project and have a deeper study on the application of risk management during construction period, therefore, a better project output and better value for both clients and constructors. There are two objectives of this study: 1. To assess the most major and common risks which cause bad effect on construction period. 2. To figure out reasonable solutions. On the basisRead MoreRefurbishment Of Broron Oil And Gas Limited Three Storey Building1675 Words   |  7 Pagesstandard office apartment for boron oil and gas limited. The scope of this project is to design and construct and appropriate office structures. Which involves different stages of work in these projects? Our task involves †¢ Planning a risk management plan †¢ Creating a risk register and a risk response plan. †¢ Identifying possible risk project and procurement strategy. †¢ Undertaking qualitative and quantitative risk analysis. †¢ Risk tracking and monitor control. CHAPTER2: BACKGROUND The overview System

Language and the Human Understanding Through Time Essay...

If we were time travelers, would we be able to understand our ancestors? Would we even be speaking the same language? Important questions about the definition of a language arise when temporal shifts come into play. Where is the line between a new language, and simply a dialect? Were Shakespeare and Chaucer writing in different languages? Does Barack Obama use a different dialect than George Washington did? The deciding factor of whether a language has evolved past the point of dialectical variation is mutual intelligibility, which can apply to linguistic changes based on geography, ethnicity, and, although it is less concrete, time. But this begs an important question: how can we test this? Because we are relying solely on textual†¦show more content†¦If two dialects of a language change enough–because of the combination of geographic distance and time–so that the dialect from one region is not understandable by the people using the other dialect, then the two are no longer dialects of one language. Instead, they have become two entirely different languages. Although it is, for the most part, impossible to isolate geography from time, it is possible to isolate time from geography. The rule of mutual intelligibility still applies: when a language changes to the point where its modern users cannot understand its traditional texts, then the traditional language and the modern one can be considered two separate languages. Mutual unintelligibility is not the case with the English used today as compared to the English used in the late 1770s. For example, Barack Obama and George Washington, although there may have been small discrepancies, undoubtedly would have been able to understand each other’s writing and speech. We, as students at the University of Chicago, frequently read texts written in the 1770s and before, and are able to comprehend them even if they are unabridged. English has not changed enough in the last two hundred years to constitute two separate languages. However, when it comes to Shakespeare and Chaucer, it is difficult to say whether they would have been able to understand each other. Although the time gap between them was roughly the same as the one between ObamaShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Anthropology? Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagescuriosity about humans. Not only concerned with an interest in human beings and their developements, Anthropology is much more broad in concept of trying to understand the relationships between human beings and all possible questions about them. Anthropology is trying to understand all aspects of human beings through the broad discovery, study, interpretation and inference of past and present cultural characteristics. In appling the knowledge aquired, one can gain an understanding of individuals inRead MoreDifference Between Speaking And Wring1033 Words   |  5 Pagesand is reliant on context. When language is spoken, it is a form of behaviour made up of different dialects and morality. The context of which English is spoken or written has a dramatic influence, language is changed by different situations that a person is exposed to, Formal and informal, social events, professional events or cultural influences. Each context is made up of different surroundings and people in which are part of the communication. Different language can be used within the same contextRead MoreDifference Between Speaking And Writing1429 Words   |  6 Pagesand is reliant on context. When spoken, language is a form of behaviour made up of different dialects and morality. The context has a dramatic influence; language changes by different situations that a person is exposed to, Formal and informal, social events, professional events or cultural influence of which English is spoken or written. Each context exposes different surroundings and people in which are part of the communication. Different uses of language within the same context can be differentRead More Th e Origin Of Language Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pages There has been considerable historical discourse over the nature of language. Most contend that thought and language are two interrelated criteria. Just how these criteria relate to the controversy over whether animals have language capabilities and even more specifically to the Sapir-Whorf human language thought debate, however, is not always clear. From a human context we know that language is a skill which allows us to communicate our thoughts to others and in so doing to attain desired quot;biologicalRead MoreEssay on What Is Literature and Why Study Literature711 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature? At often times, literature is thought of as lackluster works and long books and passages. People often think that literature is one thing, not knowing that it is in actuality composed of several elements that we all use in our daily lives. In order to get a clear understanding of exactly what literature is, we must first identify the definition. According to Merriam- Webster, literature is defined as the body of written works produced in a particular language, country, or age; theRead MoreThe Chinese Room : Mental Experiment By John Searle912 Words   |  4 Pagescan perform an action without even understanding what it does and why it does it. Therefore according to Searle the logic used by computers is nothing more than one that does not seek content in action as used by humans. The experiment of the Chinese room Suppose that many years have passed, and that the human being has built a machine apparently able to understand the Chinese language, which receives certain input data that gives a natural tone of that language, these entries would be the signsRead MoreSocial And Cultural Factors Have A Significant Influence1680 Words   |  7 Pageschild interprets and views language. Language is a form of behaviour, a series of cultural and social practices that should be seen as appropriate (or not appropriate) for a given context (Green 2006). We could describe language as a set of conventions or rules that have been developed over time to provide communication and speech between one another. Not only is language important to society but specifically to education and most importantly in the classroom. Language is conventional and dynamicRead MoreChanging The World One Human At A Time1366 Words   |  6 PagesChanging the World One Human at a Time David Foster Wallace’s style of writing evokes human emotions that are often repressed or simply over looked. While emailing his editor Wallace once wrote, â€Å"I want to author things that both restructure worlds and make living people feel stuff† (Max qtd. Wallace). His ability to tie readers and characters together creates a relationship with the reader that does just that; Wallace makes his readers â€Å"feel stuff†. 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However, understanding what language is made of and understanding how to use it are two different things, neither of which will give you a complete understanding of language on its own. Using Gardner’s analogy of language being like a fish you dissect as well as observe within its habitat

Stylistic Public Speaking and Oratorical Style Free Essays

Linguistic peculiarities of publicistic style The publicistic style is used in public speeches and printed public works which are addressed to a broad audience and devoted to important social or political events, public problems of cultural or moral character. It falls into three varieties, each having its own distinctive features. Unlike other formal styles, the publicist style has spoken varieties, in particular, the  oratorical  sub-style. We will write a custom essay sample on Stylistic: Public Speaking and Oratorical Style or any similar topic only for you Order Now The development of radio and television has brought into being a new spoken variety â€Å" the radio and television commentary. The other two are theessay  and  articles  in newspapers, journals and magazines. The general aim of the publicist style is to exert influence on public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, essay or article not merely by logical argumentation, but by emotional appeal as well. 1. Explain the differences and similarities between publicistic and scientific prose style. This brain-washing function is most effective in oratory, for here the most powerful instrument of persuasion is brought into play: the human voice. Due to its characteristic combination of logical argumentation and emotional appeal, the publicistic style has features in common with the style of scientific prose or official documents, on the one hand, and that of emotive prose, on the other. Its coherent and logical syntactic structure, with an expanded system of connectives and its careful paragraphing, makes it similar to scientific prose. Its emotional appeal is generally achieved by the use of words with emotive meaning, the use of imagery and other stylistic devices as in emotive prose. The publicistic style also has some elements of emotionally coloured colloquial style as the author has no need to make their speech impersonal (as in scientific or official style), but, on the contrary, he or she tries to approximate the text to lively communication, as though they were talking to people in direct contact. 2. Explain the typical features of oratory and speeches. The oratorical style is the oral subdivision of the publicistic style. The most obvious purpose of oratory is persuasion, and it requires eloquence. This style is evident in speeches on political and social problems of the day, in orations and addresses on solemn occasions as public weddings, funerals and jubilees, in sermons and debates and also in the speeches of counsel and judges in courts of law. The sphere of application of oratory is confined to appeal to an audience and therefore crucial issues in such spheres as science, art, or business relations are not touched upon. Direct contact with the listeners permits the combination of the syntactical, lexical and phonetic peculiarities of both the written and spoken varieties of language. In its leading feature, however, the oratorical style belongs to the written variety of language, though it is modified by the oral form of the utterance and the use of gestures. Certain typical features of the spoken variety of speech present in this style are: a) direct address to the audience by special formulas (Ladies and Gentlemen! ; My Lords! â€Å" in the House of Lords;  Mr. Chairman! ; Honourable Members! ; Highly esteemed members of the conference! ; or, in less formal situation,  Dear Friends! ; or, with a more passionate colouring,My Friends! ). Expressions of direct address can be repeated in the course of the speech and may be expressed differently (Mark you! Mind! ). b) special formulas at the end of the speech to thank the audience for their attention (Thankyou very much; Thank you for your time). c) the use of the 1st person pronoun  we; 2nd person pronoun  you:  We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness ¦(Th. Jefferson,  The Declaration of Independence). ) the use of contractions  Iâ„ ¢ll; wonâ„ ¢t; havenâ„ ¢t; isnâ„ ¢t  and others:  Weâ„ ¢re talking about healing our nation. Weâ„ ¢re not talking about politics. Weâ„ ¢re all here to do everything in our power to save lives ¦ Iâ„ ¢m here to thank you for hearing that call. Actually, I shouldnâ„ ¢t be thanking you, I should be thanking a Higher Power for giving you the call  (George W. Bush). e) features of colloquial style such as asking the audience questions as the speaker attempts to reach closer contact:  Sometimes it is said that man cannot be trusted with the government of himself. Can he, then, be trusted with the government of others? Or have we found angels in the forms of kings to  govern him? (Th. Jefferson), or calling upon the audience:  Let us then, with courage and confidence, pursue our own federal and republican principles  (ibid). Like the colloquial style, oratory is usually characterized by emotional colouring and connotations, but there is a difference. The emotional colouring of the publicist style is lofty â€Å" it may be solemn, or ironic, but it cannot have the lowered connotations (jocular, rude, vulgar, or slangy) found in colloquial speech. The vocabulary of speeches is usually elaborately chosen and remains mainly in the sphere of high-flown style: Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived and so dedicated in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this (A. Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address). The stylistic devices employed in the oratorical style are determined by the conditions of communication. If the desire of the speaker is to rouse the audience and to keep it in suspense, he will use various traditional stylistic devices. Stylistic devices are closely interwoven and mutually complementary thus building up an intricate pattern. For example, an antithesis is framed by parallel constructions, which, in their turn, are accompanied by repetition, while a climax can be formed by repetitions of different kinds. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate â€Å" we cannot consecrate â€Å" we cannot hallow  this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated  here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is  rather for us to be dedicated  to the great task remaining before us â€Å" that from these honoured dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion â€Å" that we here highly resolve that these dead  shall not have died in vainâ€Å" that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom  Ã¢â‚¬Å" and that the government of the people,  by the people, for the people,  shall not perish  from the earth  (A. Lincoln). As the audience rely only on memory, the speaker often resorts to repetition to enable his listeners to follow im and retain the main points of the speech. Repetition is also resorted to in order to persuade the audience, to add weight to the speakerâ„ ¢s opinion. The following extract from the speech of the American Confederate general, A. P. Hill, on the ending of the Civil War in the U. S. A. is an example of anaphoric repetition: It is high time  this people had recovered from th e passions of war. It is high time  that counsel were taken from statesmen, not demagogues ¦Ã‚  It is high time  the people of the North and South understood each other and adopted means to inspire confidence in each other. A mere repetition of the same idea and in the same linguistic form may bore the audience and destroy the speaker-audience contact, therefore synonymous phrase repetition is used instead, thus filling up the speech with details and embellishing it, as in this excerpt from a speech on Robert Burns: For Burns exalted our race, he hallowed Scotland and the Scottish tongue. Before his time we had for a long period been scarcely recognized; we had been falling out of recollection of the world. From the time of the Union of the Crowns, and still more from the legislative union, Scotland had lapsed into obscurity. Except for an occasional riot, or a Jacobite rising, her existence was almost forgotten. (All those different phrases simply repeat the idea nobody knew us, Scots, before). Repetition can be regarded as the most typical stylistic device of the English oratorical style. Almost any piece of oratory will have parallel constructions, antithesis, climax, rhetorical questions and questions-in-the-narrative. It will be no exaggeration to say that almost all typical syntactical devices can be found in English oratory. Questions are most frequent because they promote closer contact with the audience. The change of intonation breaks the monotony of the intonation pattern and revives the attention of the listeners: No? You donâ„ ¢t want to leave the U. N. to the Europeans and Russians? Then letâ„ ¢s stop bellyaching about the U. N. , and manipulating our dues, and start taking it seriously for what it is â€Å" a global forum that spends 95 percent of its energy endorsing the wars and peacekeeping missions that the U. S. wants endorsed, or taking on the thankless humanitarian missions that the U. S. would like done but doesnâ„ ¢t want to do itself. The U. N. actually spends only 5 percent of its time annoying the U. S. Not a bad deal! (Thomas L. Friedman. The New York Times, May 29, 2001) The desire of the speaker to convince and to rouse his audience results in the use of simile and metaphor, but these are generally traditional ones, as fresh and genuine stylistic devices may divert the attention of the listeners away from the main point of the speech. Besides, unexpected and original images are more difficult to grasp and the process takes time. In political speeches, the need for applause is paramount, and much of the distinctive rhetoric of a political speech is structured in such a way as to give the audience the maximum chance to applaud. One widely used technique is an adaptation of an ancient rhetorical structure â€Å" the three-part list: X, Y, and Z. These lists are not of course restricted to politics only:  signed, sealed and delivered; Father, Son, and Holy Spirit; Tom, Dick, and Harry; the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth; this, that, and the other. Such lists, supported by a strong rhythm and a clear rising + falling intonation sequence, convey a sense of rhetorical power, structural control, and semantic completeness. They are widely used in formal writing. And they are especially common in political speeches, where the third item provides a climax of expression which can act as a cue for applause. In an acclaimed study of speech and body language in political speeches, using videotaped data, specialists found such instances: * Governor Wallace:  and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever. * Norman Tebbit:  Labour will spend, and borrow and borrow, and tax and tax. * Tony Ben:  and they kill it secretly, privately, without debate. History and literature provide numerous examples: * Abraham Lincoln:  Government of the people, by the people, for the people. Mark Anthony:  Friends, Romans, Countrymen ¦ * Winston Churchill:  This is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is perhaps the end of the beginning. And even crowds use tripartite sequences: Lone voice:  Maggie, Maggie, Maggie. Crowd:  In, in, in. Consider the prosodic pattern of a fragment of the speech delivered by Margaret Thatcher at the Conservative Party Conference in 1980. (Pauses are shown in seconds or tenth of a second; stressed words are underlined; pitch jumps are shown by arrows):  This week has demonstrated  (0,4)  that we are a  party  unitedin  ? ±Ã‚  purpose  (0,4),  strategy  (0,2) and  resolve. Audience:  Hear, hear  (8,0). (After M. Atkinson, 1984. ) In the House of Commons, as in other government chambers, the period set aside for MPs to put questions to ministers is a linguistic game  par excellence. The formal asking of a question is a chance to do several things â€Å" to focus public attention on an issue, express identity with a party political line, or cause trouble for the other sideâ„ ¢. It is a chance to get oneself noticed, settle old scores, or repay a constituency debt. Just occasionally, it is a real question, to which the questioner wishes to receive a real answer. Parliamentary questions are asked for a reason, which are often little to do with the semantic content of the question and more to do with the kind of confrontation which is taking place. Skilled politicians can resort to several techniques in order to evade an awkward question e. g. to ignore the question, to decline to answer it, or acknowledge it without answering it, etc. The questions politicians receive are rarely straightforward, but are preceded by a series of often unclear and controversial claims. This can be seen in the analysis of one question which was addressed to a cabinet minister during a radio interview. Well now â€Å" when Mr. Helistine protested at the cabinet meeting on December 12th â€Å" over the fact that Mrs. Thatcher had cancelled this meeting on December 13th â€Å" he raised a protest â€Å" which as you know â€Å" in his resignation statement he said â€Å" he said wasnâ„ ¢t recorded in the cabinet minutes â€Å" and now heâ„ ¢s gone back and said that he wants that protest recorded â€Å" can you say â€Å"as â€Å"as a bit of an expert on the constitution â€Å" probably more than a bit of an expert â€Å" can you honestly say â€Å" as a member of the cabinet â€Å" that you were happy that Mrs. Thatcher allowed proper discussion by all the cabinet in detail of this very important decision for defence? Elucidating the content of this question brought to light 20 possible issues, among them * Presuppositions for the validity of the question: There was a decision on defence. The decision was important. The cabinet did not properly discuss the decision ¦ * Assertions about others: Thatcher cancelled the cabinet discussion. Helistine protested the cancellation. Somebody omitted the protest from the record ¦ * Attributions about respondent: You are an expert on the constitution. You are a member of the cabinet ¦ * Propositions in question: Thatcher allowed discussion. Thatcher allowed discussion in detail ¦ * Questions to be answered: do you agree that some/all propositions are true? Can you agree that some/all propositions are true and be honest about it? * Yes * No Of course, no one would have reached cabinet minister rank who would use such one-word answers by way of reply. What the questioner will receive is better categorized as a response rather than an answer. 3. Explain the most characteristic language features of essay. This genre in English literature dates from the 16th century, and its name is taken from the short Essays (=experiments, attempts) by the French writer Montaigne, which contained his thoughts on various subjects. An essay is a literary composition of moderate length on philosophical, social or literary subjects, which preserves a clearly personal character and has no pretence to deep or strictly scientific treatment of the subject. It is rather a number of comments, without any definite conclusions. Consider an extract from Ben Johnson (16th century): Language most shows a man; speak, that I may see thee. It springs of the most retired and in most parts of us, and is the image of the parent of it, the mind. No glass renders a manâ„ ¢s form or likeness so true, as his speech, and, as we consider features and composition in a man, so words in language. Some men are tall and big, so some language is high and great. Then the words are chosen, the sound ample, the composition full, all grace, sinewy and strong. Some are little and dwarfs; so of speech, it is humble and low; the words are poor and flat; the members are periods thin and weak, without knitting or number. Nowadays an essay is usually a kind of feature article in a magazine or newspaper. Essays are written commonly by one and the same writer or journalist, who has cultivated his own individual style. Some essays, depending on the writerâ„ ¢s individuality, are written in a highly emotional manner resembling the style of emotive prose (Hail, Nickel. Mother of Murder! Blessed destroyer of human flesh! Balm of twenty-six million corpses in six years! D. Cusack), others resemble scientific prose and the terms review, memoir, or treatise are more applicable to certain more exhaustive studies:  Taking English Poetry in the common sense of the word, as a peculiar form of the language, we find that it differs from prose mainly in having a regular succession of accented syllables. In short it possesses metre as its characteristic feature ¦(S. Maugham). The essay on moral and philosophical topics in modern times has not been so popular, probably because a deeper scientific analysis and interpretation of facts is required. The essay in our days is often biographical; people, facts and events are taken from life. These essays differ from those of previous centuries â€Å" their vocabulary is simpler and so is their logical structure and argumentation. But they still retain all the leading features of the publicist style. The most characteristic language features of the essay, however, remain 1. brevity of expression; 2. the use of the first person singular, which justifies a personal approach to the problems treated; 3. rather expended use of connectives, which facilitates the process of grasping the correlation of ideas; 4. the abundant use of emotive words; 5. the use of similes and metaphors as one of the media for the cognitive process. In comparison with the oratorical style, the essay aims at a more lasting, hence at a slower effect. Epigrams, paradoxes and aphorisms are comparatively rare in oratory, as they require the concentrated attention of the listener. In the essay they are commoner, for the reader has an opportunity to make a careful and detailed study both of the content of the utterance and its form. How to cite Stylistic: Public Speaking and Oratorical Style, Essay examples

Divorces are made in Heaven Essay Example

Divorces are made in Heaven Paper Algernon also says a comment about divorce: Divorces are made in Heaven. This is an inversion of the normal phrase Marriages are made in Heaven. Divorce would have being a topic up for much debate at the time not only because of the issue of money but also that women were basically subservient to men, which meant that women would have had limited rights. However, this is not an issue in the play as womens role in society in The Importance of Being Earnest is portrayed as quite the opposite; all the women have more money than the male characters and seem to get the upper-hand over men. For example, Lady Bracknell sends her husband to dine alone in the bedroom if Lady Bracknells table is out at her dinner parties. Algernon also believes that marriage cant consist of just two people, as it would be tedious for a man to do so. He says that in marriage three is company and two is none. It was not uncommon in the contemporary society for men to have a wife and a mistress. Wilde may be hinting at this fact or he may possibly be using irony to have a private joke about his own Bunburying. We will write a custom essay sample on Divorces are made in Heaven specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Divorces are made in Heaven specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Divorces are made in Heaven specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He was known to be living a double life with his wife and his lover Lord Alfred Douglas. It could be that he was directing this joke to a few members of the audience at the time, who knew what he meant. In the play, there is irony that both Jack and Algernon only have their Bunburys while they are single men. Lady Bracknells views on marriage are key to the basis of the play. Lady Bracknell believes that it is entirely the parents decision on who marries their daughter: An engagement should come on a young girl as a surprise, pleasant or unpleasant as the case may be. It is hardly a matter that she could be allowed to arrange for herself. This quotation is funny as it has an element of truth but is going beyond the normal customs. It is true that the parents would have had a lot of influence of the husband of their daughters but the girl would have an idea of who he would be. It was more a matter of agreement than completely arranging the whole thing with the girl being oblivious to it all. Gwendolens reasons for wanting to marry Jack are quite absurd. She illustrates that she loves Jack mainly because she thinks his name is Ernest. She says that the only safe name is Ernest. She is being ridiculous in thinking that the fact that a newborn babys character would be determined by the name he had been given. Whilst her mother is basing her decision on Jacks money, status and birthright; Gwendolen is basing her marriage on a name. Even though the later seems the more absurd, Wilde may also be demonstrating that permitting marriage on the grounds of birthright is just as ridiculous as it is true that one cannot help what one is named or into which family one is born.